A private 5G network is a 5G network dedicated to a single organisation's site rather than the general public. In India this is formalised as a CNPN — a Captive Non-Public Network — under guidelines the Department of Telecommunications introduced in 2022. It gives you your own coverage, capacity and security for uses like factory automation, robotics and IoT, with data that can stay entirely on your premises.

Broadly: (1) take a dedicated network slice on a telecom operator's public 5G; (2) have an operator build and run an isolated network on your premises; (3) lease spectrum from an operator and build the network yourself; or (4) obtain spectrum directly from DoT and run a fully captive network. They trade off cost, control and effort differently — the comparison helps you pick the route that fits your site and resources.

Running a CNPN generally requires an authorisation from DoT, with conditions around keeping the network isolated from public networks, restricting it to captive (non-commercial) use, data localisation and lawful-interception capability. You'll also typically need SACFA clearance for radio equipment and import permissions. The direct-spectrum route has a higher bar — including a net-worth requirement around ₹100 crore — while the operator-led routes carry lighter obligations. Requirements and fees are set by DoT and can change.

Public 5G shares capacity with everyone in the area, can struggle to cover the inside of large industrial buildings, and routes your data through the operator's network. A private network gives you guaranteed capacity, coverage engineered for your premises, predictable low latency for automation, and the option to keep operational data on-site — which matters for both performance and security.

A managed slice or operator-run on-premise network is usually an ongoing monthly cost that scales with coverage and connected devices, with little upfront outlay. A self-built network is mainly capital expenditure — core, radios, edge compute and integration — with lower running costs afterwards. The comparison shows both so you can weigh capex against opex. Figures shown are indicative; final pricing follows a site survey. This is general guidance, not legal or regulatory advice — confirm current CNPN rules, fees and timelines with DoT/TRAI or your chosen partner.